Black Skin White Mask is a Négritude testimonial in which Fanon acknowledges blackness albeit from the point of view of his French colonial upbringing and Césaire’s adaptation concerning the place of peoples of African descent in the French empire. Josie took her own life in Algiers in 1989. She The possible: he agrees to go for treatment to the United States. For administrative reasons, he was unable to get a position in Martinique,Guadeloupe, orSenegal; so he pickedAlgeria, which was still inAfrica. Even if neo-colonialism is active in a country, it is preferable to colonialism and total dependence. How can there be a negotiated solution for majority rule there? He always practiced medicine even while involved in politics and writing. However, I cannot say with certainty where. C'est la rencontre avec Frantz Fanon à travers Josie Fanon, son épouse, qui était ma collègue à Révolution Africaine, un hebdomadaire algérien, et son fils Olivier. cf: Going back to Fanon’s birthplace – the French speakingAntilles, what is the colonial situation there? The verdict seems worrying: lukemia has made its It is decided that she will take notes by hand at the hospital from 7 to 9am, and then type it out at home in the evening. It was under these circumstances that he came to theU.S. I also worked with the Algerian Front for National Liberation in the information section. Josie, cf: What do you think of the English translations of Fanon’s works? Let us say that from a western point of view, it is a good preface. In We Ils se marièrent en 1953, après la sortie de Peau noire, masques blancs, qu'elle écrivit sous sa dictée.Josie Fanon se suicidera à Alger le … She read; even When Frantz Fanon was in late stages of leukemia at age 36, he was flown to a hospital in Bethesda, Maryland in the United States, for surgery. Derrière la négritude, Césaire cherchait à rester sous la domination française, alors que Fanon cherchait à libérer ceux qui étaien t sous to utes dominations. writing, Frantz's letters which she had compiled and arranged much earlier, everyday profusion. Tunis, she returned to every place they had lived. because it is where my husband died. was Fanon… He would certainly have maintained his political activities. Alone!' J.Fanon: When I met Frantz, he had been already inFrance about four years. hear Josie letting herself be wrapped in these sounds of Algerian life, by this He was a man very much opened to reality. I worked from 1962 — the year of Algeria’s independence — until last year [1977] for the Algerian press. No doubt, he would have stayed inAlgeria — at least for a while. The interview of Mme Josie Fanon took place on November 16, 1978 at Howard University’s African-American Center. Concernant Frantz Fanon comme chantre de la négritude, c'est faux, archi-faux et diffamatoire. explain, over the phone, that they've been able to get him admitted to the Back in El-Biar, she took I think he would be more concerned today, because underneath their departmental status, Martinique,Guadeloupe and Guyane are just French colonies with another name. Fanon's personal friends. that if I were looking after him.... Clearly they saw him as a man of iron, Some of what is here comes from, or relates to, a particular set of ongoing discussions around Fanon's work in Grahamstown. J.Fanon: It was through my initiative that Sartre’s preface to The Wretched of the Earth was removed. [Originally published in French in 1995. We can retrace Fanon’s itinerary. surrounded by our friends, our children. ( Log Out / women's laughter, whining children. dawn, Josie opened the window of her living room that looked out onto the Hardly spoke. cf: You were in the U S previously in 1961. Oppressed and colonized people cannot free themselves other than through armed struggle. Josie ( Log Out / Fanon also developed some important insights into the ideological aspects of racialism and Black consciousness. Stayed the beginning of autumn 1961 Frantz Fanon, a West Indian psychiatrist who has It is reported that when Fanon, at that point gravely ill, read Sartre’s piece he put it down without saying a word. In general, the English text does not reproduce the breadth, the dynamism, or the flow of the original French. brazen humor? Fanon worked within the F.N.L and the Provisional Government. Born inMartiniquein 1925, Fanon was a product of the French colonial system. For him, Césaire, Damas, and others like them were very important in his intellectual evolution as regard to the consciousness of his own négritude. The conflicts of the past few years inZimbabwe,South Africa andNamibia demonstrate that fact. adolescent boy, Karim, the neighbor's son, whom Josie had taken care of since It’s early in the morning in Fanon’s office, a totally empty room. stiffened, then added, hardly bitter: 'I understood his point of view; he In fact, he was not in favor of this solution. I would work each night, as I heard He was 36 years old. And that is as it should be. In 1952, Fanon published his first major work Black Skin, WhiteMasks. pulled a chair over. that Josie Fanon, my elder, cannot show me the way with her laughter and her In a certain phase of the struggle, such a position can have for a time a positive and beneficially unifying effect. endlessly on the scenes that she'd observed or that people had told her about. Admitted to Bethesda Naval Hospital, he died on December 6th. speak on the phone: I still hear today Josie's enraged voice commenting ( Log Out / 13th of July, 1989; El-Biar, above Algiers. The Algerian revolution was not alien to Fanon. He was twenty-five at the time. J.Fanon: That’s right, he was not a professional revolutionary. him. J.Fanon: It is always difficult to say what an individual like Fanon would have done if he had not died when he did. He admired Césaire and Damas greatly. His book The Wretched of the Earth (1961) is seen as the "bible of Third Worldism." Marie-Josèphe Dublé dite "Josie", femme Blanche née française, était l'épouse de l'homme Noir (né en Martinique) Frantz Fanon. And I cf: You were telling me when we passed through the campus gate, that your son, Olivier, had spent some time atHowardUniversity in 1961. next day and the following days, this time in the heart of Algiers, the army Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. National liberation is a first step; without it, very little can be done. geraniums on the neighboring balcony. Republic' in Ghana and Guinea. cf: how do you feel about this second trip to theUnited States? His wife, Josie, was to tell me at length about those days of waiting American would recall the past; then become silent. more she daydreamed, looking at the summer light from her bed. Josie Fanon discusses her career as a journalist in Algeria, and the life and work of her husband, the writer, revolutionary, psychiatrist, and postcolonial theorist Frantz Fanon, who died of leukemia in 1961. We can draw a parallel between such personal problems and the concept of Négritude, which Fanon analyzed. Frantz was born on July 20 1925, in Fort-de-France, 97200, Martinique, Martinique, FRANCE. The other important factor was his scientific interests. The Algerian Provisional Government (APG) had sent him here for medical care. She J.Fanon: From a personal point of view, I am a bit shaken to be back in theU.S. "Josie A revolutionary political thinker, he became a spokesman for the Algerian revolution against French colonialism. In the first stage of Frantz’s life, while still very young, he joined the Free French Forces during the Second World War. Bethesda Hospital, three hours by train from New York: its center for the At the completion of his studies, he wanted to go back to theAntillesor toAfricato look for work. understand: that you couldn't send him such a long way to be treated alone, so she willingly went to the hospital. He left Martinique in 1943, when he volunteered to fight with the Free French in World War II, and he remained in France after the war to study medicine and psychiatry on scholarship in Lyon. J.Fanon: Indeed a number of Western intellectuals have written about Fanon. The army experience sharpened his awareness of the world where division and racism were the rule. he was a child. Why? I believe that he would put all his energy in the service of his country (Martinique) and theCaribbean region in general. Whatever Sartre’s contribution may have been in the past, the fact that he did not understand the Palestinian problem reversed his past political positions. It is true that a life comes into existence before ano... "At Marie-Josephe Duble, called 'Josie,' was born in 1931 in the Lyon region of France.The eighteen-year of Corsican-gypsy descent first met the 23 year-old Frantz Fanon in Lyon in 1949. presence known. feel alone: he should not be worried; there's no need whatsoever for him to Marie-Josèphe "Josie" FANON (born DUBLÉ) Marie-Josèphe FANON (born DUBLÉ) Marie-Josèphe FANON (born DUBLÉ) married Frantz Omar FANON in 1952. We are not going to limit each other to race! she repeated harshly. Understand that he was fromMartinique; born in a French colony, he had assimilated all the cultural values ofFrance. cf: A great deal has been written about Fanon. cf: what are the reasons for your visit to theUnited States this year? Born Marie-Joseph Dublé in Lyon, France, she was 58 years old. several days to put all her things in order: photographs, poems she was She would get up early; she would pour out can after can of water to He had already made contact with Algerian nationalists; so that when the revolution began, he was already integrated in the revolutionary movement. Would you say more about that? Centre for Humanities Research (Cape Town), Johannesburg Workshop in Theory and Criticism, Makerere Institute of Social Research (Kampala), Unit for the Humanities at Rhodes University (Grahamstown). the sound of the neighbors, the concern of Karim and his mother. Fanon's relationship with Michelle began in Lyon, France where they were both students. J.Fanon: All that has happened inAfrica since independence in 1960-62 demonstrates the accuracy of Fanon’s points of view. I am also interested in observing the black civil rights movements in theUS, examine the new perspectives and discuss what the hopes are. It is in this context that the committee decided to pay tribute to Frantz and invited me. On the condition, she told the doctor, remained silent, then: 'He died alone, in New York, two months later. my daughter--during the years she was a student in Algiers, Josie was a second J.Fanon: It is my opinion, and I believe that it was also his — otherwise he would not have contracted nor remained in this interracial marriage — that there was no contradiction. cf: Can you say a few words about Fanon’s relationship with the Négritude poets, Aimé Césaire and Leon Damas? Otherwise, we find ourselves in dead-end situations that are impossible to resolve — the sort that we can never put to rest. His experience and a keen, sensitive mind made him one of the most lucid observers of the realities inherent to colonialism. A year before her death, Josie had witnessed from her balcony riots and shootings of civilians in the street below. Took off her shoes. she has decided: since her visit to Frantz's grave; she is determined. In 1960, they appointed him the Provisional Government’s Ambassador toAccra. The field of his experience and action widened and resulted in the writing of The Wretched of the Earth. Les six enfants de la famille font des études secondaires, Frantz aura comme professeur au lycée, Aimé Césaire. Sartre took part in this movement. In his opinion — and this was later proved true — Négritude was but a stage in the dialectical process of the black man’s struggle for liberation. The (92). And he...', She Mireille Fanon, the eldest daughter of Frantz Fanon and Michèle Weyer was born in 1948 in France. mother to her--as soon as my daughter heard the news in Paris (it was the voice C’est l’espoir d’une Afrique unie le panafricanisme. He never stopped thinking ofMartinique. He was 23; I was 18. cf: Speaking ofLyon, would you retrace for us the course of Fanon’s life? perhaps two at the most,' he tells her, undoubtedly to reassure her, to In 1944, he joined the free French forces to help protect “trueFrance” against the racist French sailors stationed in Martinique during the war — those “sailors who had forced [him] to defend and thus discover [his] color.”. (Seven Stories, 2003). In this short interview, she gives a glimpse into the life and views of her husband, author of The Wretched of the Earth. As a black man, a militant, and an anti-imperialist revolutionary fighter, he was not comfortable going to theUnited States. ], The Fact of Blackness in a Sea of Whiteness, Sylvia Wynter: No Humans Involved - An Open Letter to My Colleagues, Black Skin, White Masks: Exploring the Life & Work of Frantz Fanon, Frantz Fanon: Psychiatrist, Revolutionary, Philosopher & Author. come. Her son should put his mind at rest, she will do it. One year earlier, while representing the provisional government inGhana, doctors diagnosed him with leukemia. Today, we speak of a Fanon legacy. Fanon was born in 1925, to a middle-class family in the French colony of Martinique. The Though just 27 at the time of its publication, the workdisplays incredible literacy in major intellectual trends of the time:psychoanalysis, existentialism, phenomenology, and dialectics, as wellas, most prominently, the early Négritude movement and U.S.based critical race work in figures like Richard Wright. And then finally J.Fanon: I met him inLyon (in the southeast ofFrance). At the time, they believed that the best medical facilities were in theUnited States. Otherwise, where is the revolution? Until the Algerian Revolution, Fanon adhered to the principles of Négritude espoused by Aimé Césaire, his lycée teacher. She She daughter then returned to Paris. Her husband’s comment: "This Fanon has a hell of a nerve. My letters of her son, her friends. And cf: He was not what you would call a professional revolutionary then. In my opinion, they have not completely understood his works. The I felt that his pro-Zionist attitudes were incompatible with Fanon’s work. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. We met at a theatre. He's been the representative of the 'Provisional Government of the Algerian However, when he went to Franceand confronted French society’s racism, he began to understand and he analyzed his personal and his countrymen’s experiences. In fact, everything he wrote he based on his personal experiences not on abstract theories. Mireille est devenue professeur de droit international et de résolution des conflits et est présidente de la Fondation Frantz Fanon. Frantz Fanon n'était pas un chantre de la négritude. Fanon was survived by his French wife Josie (née Dublé), their son Olivier, and his daughter (from a previous relationship) Mireille. We were both students. him gently when he'd protest or try to refuse, his heart fearful. We went toTunisia, where the Front for National Liberation maintained its external branch and where they later created the Algerian Revolution’s Provisional Government. Africans in that part of the continent will have to wage a very prolonged and protracted armed struggle. Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. This blog contains resources directly related to Frantz Fanon's life and work, the secondary literature on Fanon and other resources useful for engaging Fanon's ideas here and now. That’s the reason I live inParis now. However, it remains a limitation. "12 The legacy of Fanon leaves us with ques tions; his virtual, verbal presence among us only provokes more questions. J.Fanon: My son was a toddler at the time and because I had to take care of my husband — I was here more than a month — I visited Frantz everyday and spent many nights at the hospital with him. He signed petitions favoringIsrael. But really, he had no choice. At last glance at the This is, in fact, what I have done. She doesn't express her desire out loud to Frantz ('It'll be a month, Algiers. No, she does not Ibrahim Frantz Fanon, né Frantz Fanon le 20 juillet 1925 à Fort-de-France (Martinique) et mort le 6 décembre 1961 à Bethesda dans un hôpital militaire de la banlieue de Washington aux États-Unis1, est un psychiatre et essayiste français fortement impliqué dans la lutte pour l'indépendance de l'Algérie et dans un combat international dressant une solidarité entre « frères » opprimés. When exactly in 1961 were you here and what were your reasons fro that trip? one end of the rioting town to the other, not being able to meet, we would In This meant that for a time, he identified with France. that they let her go home to her apartment on the weekend: be with her flowers, made sure the cleaning woman was even more meticulous. "Oh, Frantz, the wretched of the earth again," she had sighed on a telephone, speaking to her friend Assia Djebar . wash the veranda floor. In 1957, the French government expelled us fromAlgeria. A year before her death, Josie had witnessed from her balcony riots and shootings of civilians in the street below. Josie Fanon committed suicide at El Biar, Algiers, ten years later. thought that all the expenses he was incurring were already quite enough for There is still much more to be written. her fall, Josie hurt no one: only she exploded." J.Fanon: I don’t think – and knowledgeable people have told me — that The Wretched of the Earth is perfect; there are some lacunae and translation errors. He was in medical school; I was in liberal arts. ( Log Out / ), She She it, every morning to listen to the sounds of neighboring families rising from am sure that it was then she made her decision: to join him.). He's been the representative of the 'Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic' in Ghana and Guinea. the family psychologist. This pathology is common to the people of the French-speakingAntilles. But in June 1967, whenIsraeldeclared war on the Arab countries, there was a great pro-Zionist movement in favor ofIsraelamong western (French) intellectuals. Change ). During the conference, he made contacts with other African leaders of that period notably Patrice Lumumba, Felix Moumié of the Cameroonand President Kwame Nkrumah. A Friday. Was silent for a long time. To pretend that blacks can achieve majority rule there through a negotiated solution is an illusion and a trick. Mezine’s ability to offer interventions from such central figures as Olivier Fanon, Abdelhamid Mehri, Marie-Jeanne Manuellan, Arnoldo Palacios, Lilyan Kesteloot, and his nod to Josie Fanon as Fanon’s spouse, muse, and comrade, are commendable in providing a compelling and nuanced account of Fanon’s life and personality. the Algerian Revolution!'. cars. Very early on the previous day, by the light of
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